At Mitera it’s important to educate our clients and partners about maternal health (not just maternal-fetal health). This month is Gynecologic Cancer Awareness Month. Gynecologic cancers originate in the female reproductive system and include five primary types:
- Cervical Cancer
- Ovarian Cancer
- Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer
- Vaginal Cancer
- Vulvar Cancer
Diagnosis & Screening: What’s Proven and What’s Not
Cervical Cancer
It is the only gynecologic cancer with effective screening tools, a Pap smear and HPV test can detect precancerous cell changes. Did you know that the FDA recently approved self-collected HPV tests in clinical settings, so many more women may have access to screening and testing. It is important to know that there are symptoms to look out for as signs of advanced cervical cancer including post-coital bleeding, fatigue, anemia, leg swelling, and urinary symptoms.
Ovarian Cancer
Unfortunately, there are no effective screening methods for ovarian cancer. The transvaginal ultrasound has not demonstrated mortality reduction. As a result, two-thirds of cases are diagnosed at late stages, with significantly reduces survival.
Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer
Early diagnosis heavily depends on recognizing symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or changes in weight/appetite. Risk factors may include obesity (high BMI), hormonal contraceptive use, delayed childbirth, and poor diet.
Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers (Lower Anogenital Tract)
Vaginal and vulvar cancers are strongly associated with HPV infection with HPV DNA found in approximately:
- 69% of vulvar cancers
- 75% of vaginal cancers
- 93% of anal (female) cancers
While there is no routine screening awareness of symptoms and risk factors remains vital. The American College of Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends regular hereditary cancer risk assessments, particularly in families with a history of gynecologic cancers.
So What Can We Do About It?
Talk to your health care provider. Our Maternal-fetal medicine physicians work closely with gynecologists to help women better navigate the prevention and diagnosis of gynecologic cancers. Some steps you’ll want to take include:
- Vaccination against HPV early in life.
- Routine cervical screening via Pap and HPV tests starting as recommended by professionals.
- Genetic counseling when there’s a personal or family cancer history suggestive of hereditary syndromes.
- Lifestyle modifications—maintaining a healthy weight, staying active, and using hormonal contraceptives appropriately.
- Vigilant awareness of symptoms and prompt medical evaluation when something “feels off.”
